1. Cell injury and necrosis, part I:

• cell death;
• necrosis and cell differentiation;
• types of necrosis: caseous, coagulative, liquefactive, fatty necrosis;
• types of cell death: apoptosis and necrosis;
• myocardial infarction: complications, gross and microscopic morphology;
• brain infarct: gross and microscopic morphology.

2. Cell injury and necrosis, part II:

• types of cell adaptation: atrophy, hyperplasia, hypertrophy, metaplasia, intracellular storage - definitions, examples;
• metaplasia as a precancerous condition;
• brown atrophy;
• cardiac steatosis vs. cardiac adiposis;
• hemosiderosis vs. hemochromatosis;
• pneumoconioses as an example of intracellular storage;
• calcifications: metastatic and dystrophic.

3. Cellular growth and differentiation:

• adaptive responses in disease - revision;
• types of adaptation - revision;
• benign prostatic hyperplasia;
• endometrial hyperplasia;
• gastritis - types, etiology, signs and symptoms;
• intestinal metaplasia;
• development of placenta as an example of cellular growth and differentiation. 

4. Hemodynamic disorders: 

• hyperemia, edema;
• failure of right and left side of the heart;
• passive congestion of the liver - “nutmeg” liver;
• hemorrhage; 
• thrombus;
• Virchow’s triad;
• embolus and embolisation;
• pulmonary thromboembolism;
• infarction;
• white (pale) vs. red (hemorrhagic) infarct;
• shock;
• pulmonary edema;
• cerebral edema;
• hemostasis;
• pathogenesis of intracranial hemorrhage: intraparenchymal hemorrhage; subdural and epidural hematoma; subarachnoid hemorrhage.

5. Inflammation and repair, part I:

• definition of inflammation;
• general pathology, causes and general consequences of inflammation;
• vascular changes and mediators of inflammation;
• acute vs. chronic inflammation;
• appendicitis as an example of acute inflammation;
• granulomatous inflammation and granulomatous diseases;
• pathology of fungal infections and candyloma acuminatum. 

6. Inflammation, part II:

• pneumonia - definition, types of pneumonia, morphological features;
• atypical pneumonia;
• fungal infections of the lung, including pneumocystic pneumonia;
• aspergillosis; 
• foreign body reaction;
• lipid pneumonia;
• verrucae (warts).

7. General pathology of neoplasia:

• definition of neoplasia;
• preneoplastic diseases;
• characteristic features of benign and malignant neoplasm;
• epidemiology of neoplasia;
• carcinogenesis: the molecular basis of cancer;
• genetic lesions in cancer;
• hallmarks of cancer;
• etiology of cancer;
• host defenses in neoplasia;
• clinical aspects of neoplasia;
• grading vs. staging;
• paraneoplastic syndromes.

8. Pathology of respiratory system non - neoplastic diseases:

• obstructive lung diseases: asthma, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis;
• restrictive lung diseases: pneumoconiosis, interstitial lung disease;

• obstructive vs. restrictive diseases of the lung;
• atelectasis;
• ARDS - adult respiratory distress syndrome;
• tuberculosis and sarcoidosis.

9. Pathology of respiratory system neoplastic diseases:

• diagnostic methods in lung pathology;
• benign and malignant neoplasms of respiratory system;
• lung hamartoma;
• preinvasive lesions of lung - atypical adenomatous hyperplasia and squamous dysplasia;
• lung cancer - types, etiology, epidemiology, signs and symptoms, prognostic factors;
• squamous cell carcinoma vs. adenocarcinoma;
• neuroendocrine tumors - carcinoid, atypical carcinoid, neuroendocrine carcinoma.

10. Pathology of  cardiovascular system I:    

• structure and function of blood vessels;
• congenital anomalies;
• blood pressure regulation;
• hypertensive vascular disease;
• atherosclerosis;
• aneurysm and dissection; 
• vasculitis;
• pathology of veins: varicose veins, thrombophlebitis and phlebothrombosis, superior and inferior vena cava syndrome, lymphangitis and lymphedema.